Learn about clinical trials

A clinical trial is a research study involving patients that is used to find better ways to diagnose, prevent or treat diseases using new drugs or new devices. Trials are designed to answer specific questions about new and established therapies. They help doctors tell if a new treatment works and is safe. Millions of patients have taken part in this kind of research, and nearly all of today’s cancer drugs were tested this way. 

Some common reasons for conducting clinical studies include:

• Evaluating one or more interventions (for example, drugs, medical devices, approaches to surgery or radiation therapy) for treating a disease, syndrome, or condition
• Finding ways to prevent the initial development or recurrence of a disease or condition. These can include medicines, vaccines, or lifestyle changes, among other approaches
• Evaluating one or more interventions aimed at identifying or diagnosing a particular disease or condition
• Examining methods for identifying a condition or the risk factors for that condition
• Exploring and measuring ways to improve the comfort and quality of life through supportive care for people with a chronic illnessThe National Cancer Institute designated and partially funded VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center to conduct research that addresses the nation’s cancer problems. Clinical trials are an essential tool in solving these problems because they evaluate the latest therapies and bring to patients novel laboratory research findings.

VCU Massey has one of the largest offerings of clinical trials in Virginia. Evaluating the latest cancer treatments for adult and pediatric patients, Massey conducts more than 200 trials on more than 20 types of cancers from brain and breast, to leukemia, prostate, lung and more. View the video below to learn more (¿Qué es un estudio de investigación clínica?)

Clinical trials are offered to patients as an additional treatment option to consider. In health care, offering clinical trials is standard and is not exclusive to a certain type of patient or condition. In some instances, a clinical trial is the only treatment option.

There are two main types of clinical studies: clinical trials (also called interventional studies) and observational studies:

• In a clinical trial, participants receive specific interventions according to the research plan or protocol created by the investigators. These interventions may be medical products, such as drugs or devices; procedures; or changes to participants' behavior, such as diet. Clinical trials may compare a new medical approach to a standard one that is already available, to a placebo that contains no active ingredients, or to no intervention. Some clinical trials compare interventions that are already available to each other. When a new product or approach is being studied, it is not usually known whether it will be helpful, harmful, or no different than available alternatives (including no intervention). The investigators try to determine the safety and efficacy of the intervention by measuring certain outcomes in the participants.
• In an observational trial, investigators assess health outcomes in groups of participants according to a research plan or protocol. Participants may receive interventions (which can include medical products such as drugs or devices) or procedures as part of their routine medical care, but participants are not assigned to specific interventions by the investigator (as in a clinical trial)

Most clinical research progresses in an orderly series of steps or phases.   

• Phase 0/Exploratory Phase: involves dosing a very small and limited number of subjects (patients) with a very small and limited range of doses for a specific period of time
• Phase I/Early Phase: tests an experimental treatment on a small group of often healthy people (20 to 80) to judge its safety and side effects and to find the correct drug dosage
• Phase II: uses more people (100 to 300). While the emphasis in Phase I is on safety, the emphasis in Phase II is on effectiveness. This phase aims to obtain preliminary data on whether the drug works in people who have a certain disease or condition. These trials also continue to study safety, including short-term side effects. This phase can last several years.
• Phase III: gathers more information about safety and effectiveness, studying different populations and different dosages, using the drug in combination with other drugs. The number of subjects usually ranges from several hundred to about 3,000 people. If the FDA agrees that the trial results are positive, it will approve the experimental drug or device.
• Phase IV: takes place after the FDA approves use or drug/device. A device or drug's effectiveness and safety are monitored in large, diverse populations. Sometimes, the side effects of a drug may not become clear until more people have taken it over a longer period of time.

It varies based on the patient, however here are some reasons as to why they may decide to participate:

• Other treatment options did not work
• There is no other treatment option
• They want help researchers learn more about certain health problems
• They want to be able to help future patients based on the outcomes of the clinical trial
• It is completely voluntary and a patient can stop participation at any time throughout the process

Usually, the clinical team will present clinical trials options to patients during any clinic visit when discussing treatment options based on the study’s eligibility criteria:

• Patients can also look for clinical trials via https://clinicaltrials.gov
• Patients can be engaged through open communication and education
• Patients should never be coerced into participating in a clinical trial

After patients consent to participate in the clinical trial, they will complete screening procedures to determine eligibility. A physician or advanced practice provider that is trained on the clinical trial determine a patient’s eligibility to participate based on the set parameters in the clinical trial protocol

Large cancer centers, university hospitals, local medical centers or physician offices may offer clinical trials. There may be only one or two locations involved in a particular study, or hundreds around the country.

Many of the clinical trials at VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center are offered as part of a collaborative effort among multiple cancer centers and research facilities organized into national or regional groups. Working in unison, members of these groups offer the same studies and follow the same protocols for each trial. The protocol is a study’s game plan that each researcher follows to the letter in order to ensure the consistency of the data collected and the integrity of the results drawn from the data.

With strength in numbers, cooperative groups help expand the number of patients on studies and can collect more data to evaluate the effectiveness of the trial. Also, enrolling participants in multiple locations means a trial can reach its enrollment goals sooner, accelerating the research.
Currently, VCU Massey participates in or has access to trials from numerous consortia:

• ALLIANCE for Clinical Trials in Oncology
• Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network
• Children's Oncology Group
• ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group
• NRG Oncology
• NCI Experimental Therapeutics Clinical Trials Network (ETCTN)
• SWOG Cancer Research Network
• Wake Forest NCORP Research Base

Patients on clinical trials are monitored very closely by their doctors and care team. In fact, many patients have said they appreciated the extra attention they received while participating in a clinical trial.

In addition, trials are generally overseen by an independent data and safety monitoring board as well as by any cooperative group study teams through which the trials are offered. Patient data — without individual identifiers — is reported and shared among the cooperative group members.

As part of the monitoring and data-sharing process, clinical researchers can identify any irregularities in symptoms. If a problem arises, the trial can be altered or stopped, and a patient may opt out at any time for any reason. Just like all medical treatments, cancer clinical trials are not risk-free. However, the safety of patients is of utmost importance to the researchers. There are several procedures in place as part of the protocols to protect the safety of the people who participate. Three groups that oversee the safety procedures include:

• The organization that sponsors the study (for example, the National Cancer Institute).
• The Institutional Review Board (IRB) that oversees clinical research in the health care institution. The IRB includes physicians, other health care providers, consumers and sometimes members of the clergy, who do not have any personal interest in the results of the study. As neutral reviewers, they ensure that the study is conducted fairly and that participants are not likely to be harmed.
• The Data Safety and Monitoring Committee, an objective committee that looks at the test results, monitors the safety of the participants and decides whether the study should go forward as originally planned.

Sugar pills (placebos) are seldom used in cancer clinical trials and are never used if a known, effective treatment is available. Patients in clinical trials always get the best treatment available. If a new drug is being tested as part of a trial, one group of patients might receive the current best standard treatment plus the new drug, while another group may receive the current best standard treatment plus a placebo. Either way, everyone is getting the best treatment available. Comparing the results of the two groups enables researchers to determine if the new drug is more effective than the current standard treatment.

VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center would never let the cancer go untreated. The only time a placebo would be used alone is if there is currently no standard treatment or if a new cancer prevention measure is being tested for people without cancer.

No, clinical trials will list the potential side effects that patients may get. It is not broken down by race and just provided as a percentage based on outcomes from other clinical trials studying the same drug